Full Description
Introduction - Chapter 1
This chapter is intended as an introduction to the basic mathematics as it pertains to the nature and understanding of industrial radiography.
Introduction - Chapter 2
Materials used in industry during the manufacture of articles are usually combinations of certain basic elements. There are, approximately, one hundred and six basic elements known to man. Many occur in nature either in pure or combined form; and quite a few are man-made in reactors. All natural and man-made elements are made up of atoms, which, in turn, are composed of groups of small fundamental particles, put together in different combination.
The three fundamental particles of which all atoms appear to be composed are electrons, protons and neutrons. In recent years, several other particles have been announced. The concepts relating to the above-mentioned particles are essential for the study and practice of industrial radiography.
Each element has many unique and distinct characteristics derived from the number and configuration of the several particles contained in its atoms. These inherent characteristics greatly influence the engineering properties and chemical properties of metals and materials.
The many elements are arranged systematically in a framework that is explained in the Periodic Table of Elements established by Mendeleev in 1869. A typical Periodic Table of the Elements is published by Sargent Welch and may be obtained from Fisher Scientific, 112 Colonnade Road, P.O. Box 4508, Station E, Nepean, Ontario, K1S 5A9. Telephone (613) 226-3273. (Other sales branches are located across Canada.)
From this framework or table, it was possible to predict the position and characteristics of elements unknown to man at that time.
Examination of the Periodic Table reveals a box-like structure for each element in which its many properties are shown and also that the elements are grouped in a horizontal and vertical manner. Horizontal groupings are referred to as "periods" and are based upon the number of electron shells or rings surrounding the nucleus of the atom. Vertical grouping arrangements show elements of similar characteristics.
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