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A significant knowledge gap exists for utility managersstruggling to comply with the Stage 2 Disinfectants/DisinfectionByproducts Rule and other water quality objectives.This is particularly true for utility managers whohave switched to or are considering switching from freechlorine to combined chlorine disinfection.Water chemistry and temperature can significantlyaffect chlorine demand and residual chlorine in distributionsystems. Galvanized-iron and unlined cast-ironpipes are most likely to experience the lowest chlorineresiduals, particularly under low-flow to stagnant-flowconditions.This article provides a simplified approachfor combined chlorine modeling, similar to that usedfor free chlorine dissipation modeling. Knowledge ofthe mechanisms, rates/kinetics, and a simplifiedapproach to modeling and predicting total chlorineresiduals will enable utility managers to be more comfortableand confident in decisions they make aboutswitching to chloramines. Includes 14 references, tables, figures.

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Edition: Vol. 99 - No. 10 Published: 10/01/2007 Number of Pages: 11File Size: 1 file , 320 KB